The Shetland Bus

My library pick this month was David Howarth's story of the secret wartime missions across the North Sea from Shetland to Norway, known as the Shetland Bus.

The Shetland Bus was a clandestine operation during World War II, involving a secret maritime link between Shetland, Scotland and occupied Norway. The operation was named after the fishing boats that ferried agents, refugees, weapons, and supplies across the North Sea.

This was a British Special Operations Executive (SOE) mission, later carried out by the Norwegian Navy, starting in 1941. The base was initially located in Lunna, but was later relocated to Scalloway to enhance security. There is a museum and memorial there today. The Shetland Bus was vital in smuggling weapons and supplies into Norway to support resistance activities, infiltrating agents and helping Norwegian refugees and resistance members escape to Britain.

They initially used Norwegian fishing boats crewed by civilian volunteers, many of whom were Norwegian fishermen. These boats made long, dangerous crossings, often in winter, and were frequently hunted by German patrols. Later, faster and more secure submarine chasers (American-built and armed) were used. Several were lost, and crews had to merge with the resistance or make the long trek to neutral Sweden.

David Howarth was an RNVR officer and second-in-command of the base when it was established. He wrote the book in 1951, but it has been reprinted many times since. He tells the story in detail, not sparing many of the challenges they faced, internal and external. British officers knew too much about the SOE operations in Norway and were therefore not allowed to go on missions. The Germans would generally, but not always, execute Norwegian crew caught by them. The crews elected their own skippers, not something the Royal Navy would have approved of! 

Air attack was a constant threat, and the need to maintain radio silence meant that information about a mission's progress could not be relayed back to the base. They just had to wait and see if the boat returned. Coastal Command helped with patrols by Sunderland and Catalina aircraft based at Sullum Voe, today the main oil terminal. The operations also included mine laying, using a special hatch in the hull of a fishing boat.

The book caught my eye because, to commemorate VE Day, six of the historic ships that formed part of the Shetland Bus convoys set sail again from Bergen in Norway, replicating the journey back to Shetland. I vaguely remember the old museum as I used to travel to Shetland for work in the 1990s. The new museum, which opened in 2012, looks excellent. On my list for a return visit.

A typical Norwegian fishing boat.

Poetic Justice

 The latest in my Nigel Tranter project remains in the period of James VI and I. This time, the story is told through the rise of Sir William Alexander of Menstrie.

Alexander came to James' attention as a poet. If you are thinking this doesn't look like a promising storyline, you would be right. The first part of the book covers similar ground to previous books and is quite slow going.

In fairness, it picks up when it starts to cover some significant new elements of James' reign, including the publication of the King James Bible and the early plantations in Ulster. Yes, we have James to blame for the Troubles. Alexander is later tasked with developing British colonies in Canada, specifically Nova Scotia. His baronets provided the Coat of Arms of Nova Scotia and the Flag of Nova Scotia, which are still in use today. An attempt to create a colony in what is today Long Island was something of an overreach.

There is no doubt that Alexander had a remarkable rise to power, from a minor laird to being created 1st Earl of Stirling. He struggled to make this pay for himself personally, despite numerous opportunities to reap a profit. He was appointed Secretary of State for Scotland in 1626 by Charles I, whom he had helped tutor as a child. The weaknesses in the theory of the Divine Right of Kings were obviously not on the curriculum!

The young Charles I. National Portrait Gallery

Alexander was one of the most highly regarded Scottish poets in early seventeenth-century Scotland and England. If seventeenth-century poetry is your thing, this book may be of interest. For me, I struggled.

The Goths AD 200-700

 This is a new Osprey Elite series book by Raffaele D'Amato on the Goths. Very welcome, as there are not many readable histories of these people who caused the Romans so much trouble. Simon MacDowall has written a couple and contributed some excellent articles for the Society of Ancients journal, Slingshot. Michael Kulikowski's "Rome's Gothic Wars" is also very readable.

The origins of the Goths have been the subject of many myths, but a location around the Baltic Sea seems likely. They moved south and, during the era of mass migrations (c. 300–700 AD), initially raided Roman territory, then provided Roman armies with mercenary contingents, and later consolidated the relationship through treaties of alliance. Having settled near modern eastern Germany, they were overwhelmed by the Huns in the 4th century.  The Romans allowed them to settle south of the Danube, but then broke the treaty, which led to the famous Gothic victory at Adrianople in AD 378. Then, subsequent wars in Asia Minor, the Balkans, and Italy led to Alaric’s Visigoths looting Rome itself in AD 410. They established kingdoms in France, Spain, and Italy.

The mid-6th century Roman historian Jordanes draws a distinction between the barbarian peoples and the Goths. He argues that they were the most advanced of these, able to successfully combine their own traditions with those of the Romans. His exemplar was Theodoric the Great, an Ostrogoth who successfully adapted to Roman culture and rose to become a king of both the Goths and the Romans.

The author provides a fairly lengthy timeline of events, followed by a historical summary. This includes the different stages of their development based on the primary sources and archaeology. I wasn't familiar with their history in the Crimea, which has its own fabulous colour plate. Very tempting!

The military organisation of the Goths was based on the tribes in the early period. More formal structures developed as the Ostrogoths and Visigoths established their own kingdoms. Every male was a potential warrior, and the Gothic forces were structured similarly to the Roman ones, comprising heavy cavalry, heavy infantry, light infantry, and archers. The formidable spear-armed heavy cavalry, called militondas, was formed around a core of Gothic aristocrats and their retinues. However, infantry still made up the most significant element.

The equipment was a mixture of Germanic and Roman. One of the distinctive types was the Spangenhelm, a metallic helmet with a framed and segmented construction, featuring attached cheekpieces and sometimes a fitting for a crest. Armour was reserved for leaders and their elite followers, and even among these, it seems to have been rare in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Weapons included axes, spears, swords and javelins. Unlike the Huns and the Romans, the Goths did not have skilled mounted archers, and their bowmen usually went into battle on foot.

As you would expect, there are illustrations, photographs and lovely colour plates. An excellent introduction to arguably the most successful of the 'barbarian' invaders of Rome.

I have a 15mm Gothic army. One of my favourites as it is simple to use. A decent infantry base, and then let loose the charging cavalry!

Gallipoli: Leading the Immortals

 I was in Leeds today attending the launch conference for an English translation of Hüseyin Avni Bey's story of the Ottoman 57th Regiment at Gallipoli. It is a beautifully produced hardback book, featuring numerous colour illustrations and maps.

The theme of the conference presentations reflected the book, This is a study of the other side of the hill. Most Gallipoli books focus on the failures of the British and Anzac commanders, and there were many. They tend to downplay the outstanding performance of the Ottoman troops. I was made aware of this through an excellent paper written by Ed Erickson in 2001, Strength against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli 1915 (Journal of Military History, https://doi.org/10.2307/2677626). He highlighted that the Ottoman divisions on Gallipoli were among the best available, and they had well-fortified positions. They were also well led, and not just by Mustafa Kemal. The III Corps commander, Esat Pasha, was also outstanding. 

At the conference, Paul Knight covered the 127th Manchester Brigade at Krithai. Coincidentally, I had walked the area of their initial camp in Rochdale the evening before. Their attack on the Turkish positions was successful, although they had to withdraw because the attacks on both flanks failed. I had thought the British 29th Division on the left of their attack was one of the better British divisions at Gallipoli. However, while the battalions were regulars, they were scraped together from across the Empire, and the attached artillery were territorials. Crucially, they never trained together. Paul did highlight the detailed orders and the effective tactic of leaving a ten-minute gap after the first shelling to encourage the Turks to emerge from their dugouts, while a second barrage caught them. There were armoured cars at Helles in case of a breakout.

Peter Hart covered the Anzac landings, and it was fortunate that no Australians were in the audience! He argued that there was no prospect of success and that the lead brigade commander dug in on the second ridge too soon. Even if they had taken the third ridge, the Ottomans would still hold the high ground. There was an interesting discussion on Ottoman tactics. Contrary to some of the myths, the Anzacs faced very light opposition when they landed. Just a covering force; a trip wire to warn the Ottomans as to where to deploy their reserves. 

Two of the speakers argued that the Ottomans should have deployed closer to the landing beaches. I am not convinced. The Ottoman III Corps would have been very stretched if they did that, leaving insufficient reserves to hold the crucial high ground. A study of the fighting at Gallipoli during the Balkan Wars is essential here, as Erickson highlights. John Wilson finished the conference talking about the Ottoman defences and the role of Avni Bey's 57th Regiment.

I am looking forward to reading this book, and it was an interesting conference. I learned several new details about the campaign.

When in Leeds, it would be rude not to pop into the Royal Armouries.

Pavia

Mughal War Elephant

Back to God's own county, Lancashire, this evening, and my first cricket of the season tomorrow at Old Trafford - weather permitting!

Solway Aviation Museum

 The Solway Aviation Museum is situated next to Carlisle Airport, formerly the World War II RAF Crosby, which was used to train Coastal Command and then Transport Command pilots. I have passed it several times, but always when it was closed, typically on my way home. It is another fine local museum, run by volunteers, that we should support.

The museum has over 20 aircraft and several rooms full of exhibits. Pride of place is an Avro Vulcan B.2 (XJ823), in excellent condition. The best I have seen other than at the Avro Museum at Woodford, where they were built. It is a huge aircraft, but the cockpit is tiny. Many thanks to the volunteer who gave the talk inside. This Vulcan ended its career in maritime reconnaissance, having previously been stationed in Cyprus, just a few years after the Turkish intervention in 1974.

They also have many of the main RAF fighters since World War II, from the Meteor to the Jaguar.

Meteor NF14 night fighter

Jaguar T4

Lightning F53 that served in the Saudi Air Force

Phantom FGR2, looking terrific in 111 Squadron colours

Hawker Hunter F. 51 that served in the Danish Air Force

And not just fighters. There is a Canberra bomber and a Fairey Gannet.

Also, a Percival Sea Prince, which I don't recall having seen before. It was used as a flying classroom for the Royal Navy.

They don't have a hangar, but have squeezed some smaller aircraft into one of the old RAF buildings, including the first aircraft I ever flew in, the Chipmunk.

The indoor exhibit rooms feature equipment, uniforms, and numerous aircraft models.

Full credit to the volunteers who have kept the aircraft in excellent condition. Not an easy task in our weather. The current project is renovating a Blackburn Beverley. Well worth a visit if you are coming to the Lake District.

James VI and I Exhibition

 The National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh is running a special exhibition on the life and times of James VI of Scotland, who also became James I of England. This is the period I have reached in my Nigel Tranter novels, so I squeezed in a visit before a work meeting in Edinburgh. 

The National Portrait Gallery is an excellent historical resource, housing many famous pictures that tell the story of Scotland. For this exhibition, they have curated relevant pictures alongside exhibits from other sources.

Most of the pictures are of James at different stages of his life. If there is a theme, it is hats. He apparently even wore one in bed. What Queen Anna thought of this is not recorded!

And speaking of his queen, Anna of Denmark, there are several fine portraits of her. And despite James' hats and sundry other less than erotic personal habits, they did manage a fair brood of children, although sadly not all survived to adulthood.

Henry

Elizabeth

Charles

There are also portraits of key courtiers, many of whom appear in Tranter's novels.

My favourite is the Duke of Lennox, whose portrait reinforces my impression that he appears to have been a very decent guy.

The Earl of Morton, who ruled Scotland during James's minority. Not a decent guy!

Villiers (later Buckingham), one of his favourites.

There are other interesting pictures, including Stirling Castle, where James was effectively locked up as a child. And some of the options he considered for a union flag. Something he did not achieve.

The exhibition confirms my view that 'The Wisest Fool in Christendom' was not the worst King in either country. Well worth a visit if you are in Edinburgh this summer.